Network expansion and reach involves extending agents, access points, mobile-payment channels and related infrastructure into underserved communities. Agents register and educate customers, facilitate cash-in and cash-out, and provide the human interface for services (Davidson & Leishman, n.d.).
In Tanzania, agents located close to farming households reduced travel costs and improved convenience, while Kenya’s M-PESA network demonstrated how extensive reach can support very high transaction activity (Kalinga, 2023; Buku & Meredith, 2013).
For this brief, system performance and reliability refer to the ability of expanded networks to deliver services consistently, efficiently, securely and at acceptable cost. The evidence indicates that network size alone is insufficient.
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