Retail Finance Distribution Initiative

Advancing Agent Networks and Merchant Payments for Financial Inclusion in LMICs

Background

In LMICs, expanding agent networks and merchant payment systems is critical for accelerating access to digital financial services (DFS).Mobile money and agent banking have transformed financial inclusion for women, youth, low-income households, small businesses, and rural populations. As LMICs move toward cash-lite economies, policymakers and the private sector are prioritizing digital payments across retail, utilities, health, and education.

Despite this progress, major research gaps remain on network organization,

vendor incentives, and strategies for effective agent expansion. The Retail Finance Distribution (ReFinD) initiative addresses these gaps by supporting research to strengthen DFS distribution systems and inform scalable, evidence-based innovations.

To advance this agenda, ICED proposes an Evidence and Gap Map (EGM) on agent networks and merchant payments in LMICs, focusing on Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. It will guide policymakers, practitioners, and development partners in designing effective interventions while building capacity at ISSER and among ReFinD grantees through direct involvement in study searches, screening, coding, and data extraction.

Our Approach

The Evidence and Gap Map (EGM) is the foundation for Evidence-Based Decision-Making Products (EBDMPs). The EGM will:

  • Provide a systematic visual map of existing studies on agent networks and merchant payments.
  • Categorize evidence by interventions, outcomes, geography, methods, and target populations.
  • Integrate both peer-reviewed literature and grey literature, including ReFinD-funded studies.
  • Include a network analysis showing key authors, institutions, and collaboration patterns.
  • Generate cell-wise summaries for priority intervention-outcome combinations

Key Deliverables

  • A fully developed Evidence and Gap Map (EGM)published on ReFinD, ICED, and Campbell Collaboration platforms.
  • Cell-wise summaries of priority intervention–outcome areas aligned with ReFinD’s research goals.
  • A network analysis of authorship patterns, geographical representation, and institutional affiliation.
  • A technical report, systematic EGM documentation, and synthesized findings suitable for submission to Campbell Systematic Reviews.
  • Webinars, and dissemination products to share insights with governments, financial service providers, and research partners.
  • Capacity-building support for ISSER and ReFinD grantees focusing on EGM development, coding, screening, and data extraction.

GMEI Sub-Programs

To effectivelytranslate these objectives into actionable initiatives, five sub-programs wereestablished, including:

Reforestation Initiative

Aim: This program aims to plant 10 million trees by December 2025
GMEI Role: Provide training on nursery management to individuals, schools, and community groups; and provide tree seedlings.

Agroforestry Initiative

Goal: Demonstrate and train farmers in the landscape approach
Activities: Conduct research on optimal intercropping, promote cultivation of fruit trees, and introduce apiculture.

Agribusiness Initiative

Goal: To enhance economic opportunities for community members
Action Plan: Active engagement of women and youth groups and securing stable market access for fruit farmers.

Water & Sanitation Initiative

Emerging Need: To rehabilitate existing dams, tanks, and boreholes
Activities: Water mapping to have records on aquifers at Mua Hills, use the records to lobby for support for rehabilitation.

Clean Energy Initiative

Goal: Advancing climate action (SDG 13) by regulating emissions and promoting renewable energy
Activities: Training and demonstration of alternative clean cooking technologies.

Partners

Arise Health logoThe Paak logoOE logo

Projects

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Principal Investigators

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Research Mentors

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Stories

Advisory Board

The Global MLE Consortium

This MLE project has been activated through a global consortium of partners. The consortium of partners spread through five geographical regions of world (i.e., Southeast Asia, Europe, South and East Africa, and West Africa) where the foundation has relevant targeted initiatives with each partner focusing on activities of the project within the geography where the partner is located and has lived experience
Sankofa Consulting, a Seattle-based MLE organization with rich history with BMGF, will coordinate the consortium of partners
The International Centre for Evaluation and Development (ICED) is the main research partner for East and Sub-Saharan Africa
Sambodhi is the main research partner for South Asia. It is based in Uttar Pradesh, with other offices in Phnom Penh and Dar-es-Salaam
Haskè Conseil is the main research partner for West/Francophone Africa. The company is based in Senegal.

The ICED Team

About the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Horticulture

The Feed the Future Innovation Horticulture at UC Davis works with and promotes local leadership to advance horticulture and social innovations, empowering small-scale producers to earn more income while better nourishing their communities. Learn More.

Other Programs

In LMICs, expanding agent networks and merchant paymentsystems is critical for

accelerating access to digital financial services (DFS).Mobile money and agent

banking have transformed financial inclusion for women,youth, low-income

households, small businesses, and rural populations. AsLMICs move toward

cash-lite economies, policymakers and the private sector areprioritizing digital

payments across retail, utilities, health, and education.

Despite this progress, major research gaps remain on networkorganization,

vendor incentives, and strategies for effective agentexpansion. The Retail Finance

Distribution (ReFinD) initiative addresses these gaps bysupporting research

to strengthen DFS distribution systems and inform scalable,evidence-based

innovations.

To advance this agenda, ICED proposes an Evidence and GapMap (EGM) on

agent networks and merchant payments in LMICs, focusing onSub-Saharan Africa

and Asia. It will guide policymakers, practitioners, anddevelopment partners

in designing effective interventions while building capacityat ISSER and among

ReFinD grantees through direct involvement in studysearches, screening, coding,

and data extraction.

In LMICs, expanding agent networks and merchant paymentsystems is critical for

accelerating access to digital financial services (DFS).Mobile money and agent

banking have transformed financial inclusion for women,youth, low-income

households, small businesses, and rural populations. AsLMICs move toward

cash-lite economies, policymakers and the private sector areprioritizing digital

payments across retail, utilities, health, and education.

Despite this progress, major research gaps remain on networkorganization,

vendor incentives, and strategies for effective agentexpansion. The Retail Finance

Distribution (ReFinD) initiative addresses these gaps bysupporting research

to strengthen DFS distribution systems and inform scalable,evidence-based

innovations.

To advance this agenda, ICED proposes an Evidence and GapMap (EGM) on

agent networks and merchant payments in LMICs, focusing onSub-Saharan Africa

and Asia. It will guide policymakers, practitioners, anddevelopment partners

in designing effective interventions while building capacityat ISSER and among

ReFinD grantees through direct involvement in studysearches, screening, coding,

and data extraction.